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Science and Technology in Ancient India

Science and technology in ancient and medieval India covered all the major branches of human knowledge and activities, including mathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry, medical science and surgery, fine arts, mechanical and production technology, civil engineering and architecture, shipbuilding and navigation, sports and games

PC: www.hyscience.com

Ancient India was a land of sages, saints and seers as well as a land of scholars and scientists. Ancient India's contribution to science and technology include:

• Mathematics - Vedic literature is replete with concepts of zero, the techniques of algebra and algorithm, square root and cube root. Arguably, the origins of Calculus lie in India 300 years before Leibnitz and Newton.
• Astronomy - Rig Veda (2000 BC) refers to astronomy.
• Physics - Concepts of atom and theory of relativity were explicitly stated by an Indian Philosopher around 600 BC.
• Chemistry - Principles of chemistry did not remain abstract but also found expression in distillation of perfumes, aromatic liquids, manufacturing of dyes and pigments, and extraction of sugar.
• Medical science & surgery - Around 800 BC, first compendium on medicine and surgery was complied in ancient India.
• Fine Arts - Vedas were recited and recitation has to be correct, which gave rise to a finer study of sound and phonetics. The natural corollary were emergence of music and other forms of performing arts.
• Mechanical & production technology - Greek historians have testified to smelting of certain metals in India in the 4th century BC.
• Civil engineering & architecture - The discovery of urban settlements of Mohenjodaro and Harappa indicate existence of civil engineering & architecture, which blossomed to a highly precise science of civil engineering and architecture and found expression in innumerable monuments of ancient India.
• Shipbuilding & navigation - Sanskrit and Pali texts have several references to maritime activity by ancient Indians.Sports & games - Ancient India is the birth place of chess, ludo, snakes and ladders and playing cards.

For more information refer www.crystalinks.com

Courtesy: www.crystalinks.com

Module 1 Lecture 1 Kinematics Of Machines

Woman's psychology and physiology

Pregnancy and motherhood can permanently alter a woman’s brain and affect how it responds to treatments later in life.

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Woman's psychology and physiology before and after a child's birth are different.

“Our most recent research shows that previous motherhood alters cognition and neuroplasticity in response to hormone therapy, demonstrating that motherhood permanently alters the brain,” said Dr. Liisa Galea from the University of British Columbia.

“Hormones have a profound impact on our mind. Pregnancy and motherhood are life-changing events resulting in marked alterations in the psychology and physiology of a woman. Our results argue that these factors should be taken into account when treating brain disorders in women,” Galea added.

Courtesy: www.thehindu.com

Happy birthday Amedkar

Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar was an Indian jurist, economist, politician and social reformer.  He inspired the Modern Buddhist Movement and campaigned against social discrimination against Dalits, women and labour. He was the first law minister of independent India. He was the master mind of the Constitution of India.  He was popularly known as Babasaheb,

PC: www.wikipedia.org

Ambedkar earned a law degree and various doctorates from Columbia University and the London School of Economics. He had a reputation as a scholar for his research in law, economics and political science. He started his career as an economist, professor, and lawyer. Later he involved in the negotiations for India's independence campaigning by his political activities.  He published journals advocating political rights and social freedom for 'untouchables'.  His publication contributed significantly to the establishment of the state of India. In 1956 he converted to Buddhism, initiating mass conversions of Dalits.

In 1990, Ambedkar was awarded with the India's highest civilian award Bharat Ratna.

Born: 14 April 1891

Left us: 6 December 1956 (aged 65)

Courtesy: www.wikipedia.org

Jos Alukkas 2015 new ad - Ilayathalapathy Vijay in 'Swantham'

Samsung launches Galaxy S6 and Galaxy S6 Edge in India

PC: Samsung official website

Price:

Galaxy S6 - Rs. 49,900

Galaxy S6 Edge - Rs. 58,900

Common specification details for both mobiles

Display:

The phones have a 5.1-inch 2K (2560x1440 pixels) AMOLED display.

Camera:

Samsung Galaxy S6 features a 16MP primary camera with a 5MP front camera

Processor:

This time Samsung chose Exynos 7 chip Octa-core processor clocked at 2.1 Ghz and 1.5 GHz respectively. They carry 3GB RAM.

OS:

Both the devices are expected to launch with the latest Android operating system, Lollipop.

Memory:

Three varities: 32 GB, 64 GB and 128 GB

Battery:

Galaxy S6 will be carrying a battery of 2550 mAh whereas Edge S6 will have a battery of 2600 mAh.

MEME corner - Misbah to Clarke

Photo Courtesy: imgffip.com

Thirukkural - in easy language

கற்க கசடறக் கற்பவை கற்றபின் 
நிற்க அதற்குத் தக.

Namma oru vishayatha terinjikka sariyana booka thedi padikkanum. Padichi terinjadukku apparam athukku yetha madiri nadanukkanum.

eg: Traffic signal pathi ellarum chinna vayasula padichi iruppom, ana follow panna matom. Appadi illama padichi terinikta madiriye nadandukkanum nu solranga...

kNoW more about TAMILNADU

General Information:

Country: India

Region: South India

Coordinates: 13.09°N 80.27°E

Districts: 32

PC: http://www.mapsofworld.com/

Capital City: Chennai

Largest City:Chennai

PC: http://upload.wikimedia.org/

Governor: Konijeti Rosaiah

Chief Minister: O. Paneerselvam

Ruling Party: AIADMK

Legislature: Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly

Type of Legislature: Unicameral

Legislative Members: 235

PC: http://www.thehindu.com/

High Court: Madras High Court

PC: http://upload.wikimedia.org/

Total Area: 130,058 km²

Area Rank: 11^th

Total Population: 72,147,030

Population Rank: 6^th

Population Density: 550/km²

PC: http://www.jpgmonline.com/

Human Development Index (HDI): 0.736 (medium)

HDI rank: 6th (2011)

Literacy Rate: 80.33% (2011)

Official Language: Tamil

Natives: Tamilian

PC: http://www.outlookindia.com/

State Dance: Bharathanattiyam

PC: http://www.sabhash.com/

State Animal: Nilgiri tahr

PC: http://en.wikipedia.org/

State Bird: Emerald dove

PC: http://en.wikipedia.org/

State Flower: Gloriosa lily

PC: http://en.wikipedia.org/

State Fruit: Jackfruit

PC: http://en.wikipedia.org/

State Tree: Palm tree

PC: http://en.wikipedia.org/

State Sport: Kabaddi

PC: http://en.wikipedia.org/

Some important Temples, Mosque and Church in Tamilnadu:


Shore Temple built by the Pallavas at Mamallapuram during the 8th century, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

PC: http://en.wikipedia.org/

Madurai Meenakshi Amman Temple North Tower

PC: http://en.wikipedia.org/

Brihadeeswara Temple at Thanjavur

PC: http://en.wikipedia.org/

Srivilliputhur Andal Temple tower is adapted for the official Seal of Tamil Nadu

PC: http://en.wikipedia.org/

Tiruvannamalai Arunachaleshwarar Temple

PC: http://en.wikipedia.org/

Erwadi dargah at Erwadi in Ramanathapuram district an Islamic pilgrimage centre

PC: http://en.wikipedia.org/

The Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health at Velankanni is a Christian pilgrimage centre.

PC: http://en.wikipedia.org/

PAYTM offer for hard disk - 1200 CASH BACK - Promo code: HDD1200

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Indian fans reaction for RUBEL

World's Most Amazing Videos

Mean while - Quinton de Kock feeling

PC: http://static.dnaindia.com/

Kamal's next movie is in Hindi

     Kamal hasan will start working on a untitled thriller movie, which he also plans to direct. The movie will be of both thriller and action combo.

PC:http://www.indya101.com/

     He is waiting for the Uttama Villan's release, after which he will go for the untitled film. The pre-production work has started already.  He was spotted in Mauritius recently.

Kamal Haasan's awaiting movie release

Uttama Villain

Papanasam

Vishwaroopam 2

It is expected that he will also do a full-length hindi movie with producers Virender Arora and Arjun K. Kapoor.

Ocean found in GANYMEDE - Jupiter's largest moon

NASA has found a massive saltwater ocean under the icy crust of Jupiter’s largest moon Ganymede.  They evidently say that it could support life.

They say it could contain water more than the water found in oceans in earth.

“This discovery marks a significant milestone, highlighting what only Hubble can accomplish,” said John Grunsfeld, assistant administrator of NASA’s Science Mission Directorate at NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC.  He also said “A deep ocean under the icy crust of Ganymede opens up further exciting possibilities for life beyond Earth”

PC: http://www.thehindu.com/

Ganymede

It is the largest moon in our solar system.

It is the only moon with its own magnetic field.

The magnetic field causes aurorae, which are ribbons of glowing, hot electrified gas, in regions circling the north and south poles of the moon.

Reason

Ganymede is close to Jupiter.

It is also embedded in Jupiter’s magnetic field.

When Jupiter’s magnetic field changes, the aurorae on Ganymede also change, “rocking” back and forth.

“Because aurorae are controlled by the magnetic field, if you observe the aurorae in an appropriate way, you learn something about the magnetic field. If you know the magnetic field, then you know something about the moon’s interior,” said Saur.

How they found

Rocking motion of the two aurorae tells us that a large amount of saltwater exists beneath Ganymede’s crust that could affect its magnetic field.

The saltwater ocean present in Ganymede will create a secondary magnetic field which will give a counter effect to the Jupiter’s magnetic field.

This suppress the rocking effect bringing down the rocking of aurorae from 6 degrees to 2 degrees.

Estimate

Ocean is 100 km thick, approximately 10 times deeper than oceans in earth.

Buried under the 150 km thick ice

The Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics will detail you more.

UPSC corner - Coral reefs

Coral reefs are diverse underwater ecosystems held together by calcium carbonate structures secreted by corals. Coral reefs are built by colonies of tiny animals found in marine waters that contain few nutrients.

Most coral reefs are built from stony corals, which in turn consist of polyps that cluster in groups. The polyps belong to a group of animals known as Cnidaria, which also includes sea anemones and jellyfish. Unlike sea anemones, corals secrete hard carbonate exoskeletons which support and protect the coral polyps.

PC: http://en.wikipedia.org/

Reefs grow best in warm, shallow, clear, sunny and agitated waters.

Often called "rainforests of the sea", coral reefs form some of the most diverse ecosystems on Earth. They occupy less than 0.1% of the world's ocean surface, about half the area of France, yet they provide a home for 25% of all marine species, including fish, mollusks, worms, crustaceans, echinoderms, sponges, tunicates and other cnidarians.

Paradoxically, coral reefs flourish even though they are surrounded by ocean waters that provide few nutrients. They are most commonly found at shallow depths in tropical waters, but deep water and cold water corals also exist on smaller scales in other areas.

Coral reefs deliver ecosystem services to tourism, fisheries and shoreline protection. The annual global economic value of coral reefs is estimated between US$29.8-375 billion.

However, coral reefs are fragile ecosystems, partly because they are very sensitive to water temperature.  They are under threat from 

·         Climate change

·         Oceanic acidification

·         Blast fishing

·         Cyanide fishing for aquarium fish

·         Sunscreen use

·         Overuse of reef resources

·         Harmful land-use practices

·         Including urban and agricultural runoff and water pollution

This can harm reefs by encouraging excess algal growth.

Courtesy: http://en.wikipedia.org/

Shape your body with simple techniques

Go to sleep by 10 to 11 in the night (sleep for 7 to 8 hours).

PC: http://i289.photobucket.com/

Get up by 6 in the morning.

Finish your activities by 6.30 and get ready to go for ground.

Run for 3 to 5 km with whatever speed your got, to be more precise run as slowly as possible, but don't stop.

After completing, take rest for 10 minutes.

PC: http://d16kc6rd0714uz.cloudfront.net/

Now go for pull up, 3 sets and 5 (minimum) for each set.

PC: http://i.ytimg.com/

Double bar, 3 sets and 5 (minimum) for each set.

Push up, 3 sets and 10 (minimum) for each set.

No abdomen exercise is needed as you are running for 3 to 5 km.

Take rest for 30 minutes and go for bath.

Enjoy your regular work.

Repeat this daily.

10 ReAl LiFe WWE CoUpLeS

Undertaker and Michele McCool

Triple H and Chyna

CM Punk and Beth Phoenix

Edge and Beth Phoenix

Randy Savage and Elizabeth

Brock Lesnar and Sable

John Morrison and Melina Perez

Goldust and Marlena

Edge and Lita

Triple H and Stephanie McMahon

Courtesy: http://www.sportskeeda.com/