Science and Technology in Ancient India

Science and technology in ancient and medieval India covered all the major branches of human knowledge and activities, including mathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry, medical science and surgery, fine arts, mechanical and production technology, civil engineering and architecture, shipbuilding and navigation, sports and games

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Ancient India was a land of sages, saints and seers as well as a land of scholars and scientists. Ancient India's contribution to science and technology include:

• Mathematics - Vedic literature is replete with concepts of zero, the techniques of algebra and algorithm, square root and cube root. Arguably, the origins of Calculus lie in India 300 years before Leibnitz and Newton.
• Astronomy - Rig Veda (2000 BC) refers to astronomy.
• Physics - Concepts of atom and theory of relativity were explicitly stated by an Indian Philosopher around 600 BC.
• Chemistry - Principles of chemistry did not remain abstract but also found expression in distillation of perfumes, aromatic liquids, manufacturing of dyes and pigments, and extraction of sugar.
• Medical science & surgery - Around 800 BC, first compendium on medicine and surgery was complied in ancient India.
• Fine Arts - Vedas were recited and recitation has to be correct, which gave rise to a finer study of sound and phonetics. The natural corollary were emergence of music and other forms of performing arts.
• Mechanical & production technology - Greek historians have testified to smelting of certain metals in India in the 4th century BC.
• Civil engineering & architecture - The discovery of urban settlements of Mohenjodaro and Harappa indicate existence of civil engineering & architecture, which blossomed to a highly precise science of civil engineering and architecture and found expression in innumerable monuments of ancient India.
• Shipbuilding & navigation - Sanskrit and Pali texts have several references to maritime activity by ancient Indians.Sports & games - Ancient India is the birth place of chess, ludo, snakes and ladders and playing cards.

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Module 1 Lecture 1 Kinematics Of Machines

Woman's psychology and physiology

Pregnancy and motherhood can permanently alter a woman’s brain and affect how it responds to treatments later in life.

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Woman's psychology and physiology before and after a child's birth are different.

“Our most recent research shows that previous motherhood alters cognition and neuroplasticity in response to hormone therapy, demonstrating that motherhood permanently alters the brain,” said Dr. Liisa Galea from the University of British Columbia.

“Hormones have a profound impact on our mind. Pregnancy and motherhood are life-changing events resulting in marked alterations in the psychology and physiology of a woman. Our results argue that these factors should be taken into account when treating brain disorders in women,” Galea added.

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